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There are two ways to write a macro:

The first way is to create a user macro. You need to be a Confluence Administrator to do this. Below is an example.
The second, and more difficult, way is to create a user plugin.

Example of a User Macro

Here's how you can create a user macro which displays the text 'Hello World : ' in front of any variable text you place between the macro tags.

Go to the 'Administration Console' and click 'User Macros' under 'Configuration' in the left-hand panel.
Click 'Create a User Macro' at the top of the list of macros.
Enter the macro attributes as shown in the following screenshot.
「保存」ボタンをクリックします。

Confluence 3.0 > Hello World Example of User Macro > helloworldMacro.PNG

So, now you can add the following Wiki Markup on your Confluence page:

{helloworld}Matthew{helloworld}

And the result will be as follows:

Confluence 3.0 > Hello World Example of User Macro > helloWorldOutput.PNG

The macro itself is written in the Velocity Templating Language. You can find more information in the Velocity User Guide from Apache.