Get the image URL (make sure you remove the version parameter info from the end). E.g. https://confluence.atlassian.com/download/attachments/775520306/Install_icon_2_scaled.png?version=4&modificationDate=1438814929311&api=v2 becomes https://confluence.atlassian.com/download/attachments/775520306/Install_icon_2_scaled.png
In the page you want to update, go Files > Images from the web and then drop in the URL.